Free Download The Danger of Nuclear Power Plant

The Risk and Danger of Nuclear power plant should everyone know why? because its affects in the human race, our health, our family etc. by way of teaching or learning I have here list of a free download pdf file from different site.
A dangerous waste of time greenpeace
The nuclear power industry is attempting to exploit the climate crisis by aggressively promoting nuclear technology as a “low-carbon” means of generating electricity. Nuclear power claims to be safe,
cost-effective and able meet the world’s energy needs. But nothingcould be further from the truth.

Understanding radiation
Radioactive materials are composed of atoms that are unstable. An unstable atom gives off its excess energy until it becomes stable. The energy emitted is radiation. Radiation has a cumulative effect. The longer a person is exposed to radiation, the greater the risk.


Nuclear Facts
Despite the fact that a national global warming emissions cap-and-trade system would materially assist the economic case for nuclear power, the nuclear industry has not been willing to openly advocate for such a system.

Nuclear Power Plant Security
Physical security at nuclear power plants involves the threat of radiological sabotage adeliberate act against a plant that could directly or indirectly endanger public health and safety through exposure to radiation.

Natural Disasters and Safety Risks
A typical nuclear power station will be connected to the electric grid through three or more transmission lines. Should these power lines go down or a regional electrical grid collapse occur, onsite emergency generators diesel, gas turbines or in few cases hydroelectric dams are designed to automatically start with manual
backup capability.

Radiation Risks and Realities
These findings allow us to use radioactive materials for beneficial purposes, such as generating electricity and diagnosing and treating medical problems. For these many benefits, excessive radiation exposure can also threaten our health and the quality of our environment.

The Tolerability of Risk
But in fact many people are bothered about nuclear power and other industrial risks and have become more so during the years since Sir Frank Layfield wrote his report.

Transformer Built In Protection and Cooling Tutorials

Protection Devices Built In For Safe Operation of A Transformer

Conservator

It is a sort of a drum, mounted on the top of transformer. A level indicatoris fixed to it. Conservator is connected through a pipe to the transformer containing oil. This oil expanse and contracts depending upon the heat produced so the oil level in the conservator rises and falls. Pipe connected to the conservator is left open to the atmosphere through a breather so that extra air any go out or come in.

Breather

Is is a box containing calcium chloride to absorb moisture of air entering the conservator as it sis well known fact that the insulating property of the transformer oil is lost even if a small amount of moisture enters in it, so the dry air is allowed to pass in through this breather.

Temperature Gauge

It is fitted to a transformer which indicates the temperature of transformer oil.Explosion Vent

It protects the transformer tank from the gases induced by any type  of short circuit in the transformer.

Pipes

These are fitted for cooling the transformer oil. The hot oil circulates through these pipes where it becomes cool due to the air touching.

Important Facts About Transmission and Distribution Transformer

1. Eddy current losses in a transformer are minimised by laminating the core, the lamination being insulated from each other by a light coat of core plate varnish.

2. The basic property of the transformer is that it changes the voltage level of an alternating current signal without changing power, frequency or shape.

3. The primary and secondary voltages are 180 degree out of phase in transformer.

4. Eddy current lossesin transformer core are reduced by decreasing the thickness of laminations.

5. The resistance of low voltage side of a transformer is less than the resistance of its high voltage side.

6. The efficiency of a transformer is normally in the range of ninety ot ninety eight percent.

7. The reactance of transformer is determined by its leakage flux.

8. The principle of working of a transformer is mutual induction.

9. Transformer is used to change the valuesof voltage.

10. The path of the magnetic flux in a transformer has low reactance.

11. Electric power is transformed from one coil to the other coil in a transformer magnetically.

12. Ideal transformer assumptions do not include zero reactance of windings.

13. Preferably, the resistance between the primary and the secondary of a transformer should be as low as possible.

14. The main function of the iron core in a transformer is to decrease the reluctance of the magnetic path.

15. Magnetic circuit is common in the two windings of a transformer.

16. A transformer operates at power factor depending on the power factor of the load.

17. The lamination are made from nickel alloy steel stampings.

18. The steel for construction of transformer core is made so as to have high permeability and low hysteresis.

19. The special silicon stell in used for laminations because hysteresis losses are reduced.

20. Power transformer are designed to have maximum efficiency at near full load.

Cooling Of Transformer

Natural Cooling

The cooling is provided through natural circulation of air. The surface area of the core and the transformer winding are sufficient to dissipate the heat generated. It is used for small transformer from ten kva to fifteen kva.

Natural Oil Cooling

The transformer is placed in tank filled with oil known as transformer oil. The oil used in the tank not only helps cooling the transformer but also provides insulating for the winding. The oil takes the heat produced by the transformer, the oil circulate through the pipes and tank. The hot oil becomes lighter in weight and goes up from where comes down through pipes to the bottom of the tank after cooling. The oil level should never fall below the upper ends of pipes.

Oil Blast Cooling

In this method radiator tanks are provided to the side walls of the main tank. The oil circulators through these radiators from the main tank. The radiator tanks are cooled by air blast. The system of cooling is known as oil blast type. It is used for transformer rated above five hundred kva.

Force Water Cooling

The winding of transformer is placed inside the tank containing oil and cold water is passed through the copper pipe spiral kept in the transformer oil. The cold water absorbs and carrier away the heat of the oil. The pressure of the water is not kept greater than the pressure of the oil in the tank because in case of leakage in the pipe, the water will enter into the oil. It is used for transformer having output greater than five hundred KVA.

Force Air Cooling

In this method the air is first filtered to eliminate moisture and dust particless and this filetered air under pressure is forced to passed through the winding care of the transformer and the dusts provided in them. This method is used where there 

is a scarcity of water.

Power Transformer Tutorials Links

Electrical Transformer tutorials Current Potential and Auto tutorials

Current Transformers The primary of this transformer consists of a few turns or even a single turn to carry the current to be measured and is connected in series with the main circuit. The secondary winding with large number of turns supplies a reduced current to the ammeter. The meter scale is calibrated directly in terms of the primary circuit current.The core is worked at low flux density so that, at all loads, secondary current is a constant ratio of the main circuit current. When the cuurent is flowing in the primary circuit, the secondary circuit should not be opened. In that case high voltage may be induced in the secondary and the core may become over saturated, heated up and thereby damage the magnetic properties permanently.

Potential Transformer
This is used to reduce the primary voltage to a safe value for operation of voltmeter and other instrument. Primary is connected to the H.T. to be measured and the secondary to a voltmeter. It is so designed that the ratio of primary to secondary is constant throughout. To limit the short circuit in case of failure of the transformer, limiting resistances are placed in series with the H.T. winding.

Auto-transformer works on the priciple of self Induction
It has only one winding which performs the function of both primary and secondary winding. As in ordinary transformer, the transformation ratio in autotransformer, is also equal to the turns ratio.
In case of step down transformer, the complete winding acts as primary winding while the tapped section of this winding works as secondary winding. In the step up transformer, the whole winding works as secondary winding and its there is much saving of copper. These transformers are used as regulating transformers where only a small variation of voltage is required. It is mainly used for starting and speed control of induction motors. It suffers from a disadvantage that the two windings are not electrically separate and in case of failure of insulation between the two, either a sever shock may be felt on the low voltage side.

Various parts of a Transformer
Primary winding
Secondary winding
Oil level
Conservator
Breather
Drain cock
Tube for cooling
Transformer Oil
Earth Point
Explosion vent
Buchhol's Relay
H.T. Terminals
L.T Terminals


Free Pdf file about the kinds of Transformer

Current Transformers
Current transformers are used in electrical grids for measurement and protective applications to provide signals to equipment such as meters and protective relays by stepping down the current of that system to measurable values.

Instrument Transformers
Technical Information and Application Guide

Selecting Current Transformers
As engineers, we are aware that electrical power systems have grown. How much have they grown?

Current Transformer Principles and Operation
Used with watt transducers enable the owner to control demand as well as monitor building and/or tenant power consumption. When CT's are used with Current Transducers, the result is an excellent method of diagnosing the performance of fans,pumps, chillers.

Potential Transformer
Voltage transformers connected line-to-ground cannot be considered to be grounding transformers and must not be operated with the secondaries in closed delta because excessive currents may flow in the delta.
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
Potential transformer are so small that they may be neglected for protective-relaying purposes if the burden is within the "thermal" volt-ampere rating of the transformer. This thermal volt-ampere rating corresponds to the full-load rating of a power transformer.

Auto Transformer
The currents drawn by these two windings are out of phase by 180◦. This prompted the use of a part of the primary as secondary. This is equivalent to fusing the secondary turns into primary turns.

Transformers vs. Autotransformers
A transformer converts audio from one voltage and impedance to a different voltage and impedance. Transformers are passive which means they do not require a  power supply to operate.

All About Electrical Distribution and Power Transformer Tutorials

This is All About Transformer its principles, Definition, Testing Facts and Tutorials

Transformer Classification

Transformer Definition
It is a static device for transforming electrical energy from one alternating current circuit to another without any change in frequency. It changes voltage from high to low and low to high with a corresponding increase or in decrease current. If the voltage is increased it is said to be stepped up. If it is decreased, then it is said as stepped down.

Electrical Transformer Principle
When one coil like primary is connected to the alternating current supply current flows and an alternating flux is set up in the core. Most of this flux links with the second coil secondary. Law of electromagnetic induction.If the circuit is completed, current will flow. The secondary voltage depends upon the ratio of secondary turns to primary turns.

The Testing of the Transformer

Two test are performed on the transformer which are open circuit test and short circuit test. These tests are performed to determine the parameter or constants of transformer, efficiency and regulation.

1. Open Circuit Test
This is also called no load test. It determined the iron losses and the no load current. One winding of the transformer, usually the low voltage side is connected to its normal supply with an ammeter to measure the voltage applied to the winding and a wattmeter to measure taken by transformer at no load. the high voltage winding is kept open. Under these conditions normal flux will be set up in the core, therefore, normal iron losses will occur. The current taken will be wattmeter will indicate the iron losses.

2. Short Circuit Test
This test is used to determine the full load copper losses and the equivalent resitances and reactances referred to the metering side. In this test on the high voltage winding a reduced value of the voltage is increased until full load current is flowing in this winding. The applied voltage is a small fraction of the normal working voltage, the mutual flux produced is very small and hence the core losses at this voltage can be neglected. The wattmeter during this test gives the total coppery losses.

What is Distribution Transformer?
Transformer up to a size of 200 KVA, used to step down the distribution voltage to a standard service voltage, are known as distribution transformers. They are kept in operation all the 24 hours a day whether they are carrying load or not. Energy is lost in iron losses throughout the day while the copper losses account for loss in energy when the transformer is loaded. Therefore, the distribution transformer should have their iron losses small as compared to full load copper losses, in other words, they should be designed to have maximum efficiency at a load much lower than full load about 50 percent. Owing to low iron loss, the distribution transformer have good all day efficiency. These transformer have a good voltage regulation.

What is Power Transformer?
These transformers have rating about 20 KVA and are in generating stations and substations at each of a power transmission line for stepping up or stepping down the voltage. They may be either single or three phase units. They are put in operation during load periods and are disconnected during light load periods. Therefore the power transformer should be designed to have maximum efficiency at or near full load. Power transformer are designed to have considerable greater leakage reactance than that permissible in distribution transformers because in the case of power transformer, voltage regulation is less important than current limiting effect of higher leakage reactance.

Important Facts About Transformer
1. In and ideal transformer on no load, the primary applied voltage is balanced by the secondary.
2. The concentric windings are used in core type transformer with LT winding placed next to core.
3. Cross over windings are used for high voltage winding of small rating transformers.
4. The magnitude of mutual flux in a transformer is same at all levels.
5. The induced emf in the transformer secondary will depend upon frequency, flux and number of turns in the secondary.

Free Relay Substation Guide

Electric Power Systems Cyber Security
The aim of this case study was security analysis of a software interlocking system consisting of mutual interlocking disconnectors, circuit breakers and earthing switches to assure safety of switching operations carried out in a substation during operation and maintenance of the substation.


Relay Protection and Substation Automation
Of Modern Power Systems, the coordination function for the load resistance vectors with the help of load encroachment in the distance protection characteristic’s resistance area. However existed methodical directions for the load encroachment setting calculation do not take into account all the possible worst conditions for the 330 kV transmission network.


Reliability of Substation Protection System
Although the wide use of microcomputer relaying and integrated substation automation system in China has improved operation reliability, there are still many problems in substation protection system, for example, the complex insulation of conventional transducer


Protection and Power System Utilization
In the areas of power system automation and substation automation, there are two parallel trends in different directions: centralization and decentralization. More and more functions are moved from
local and regional control centers toward the central or national control center. At the same time we also observe more and more “intelligence” and “decision-power” moving closer toward the
actual power system process.


Control, Protection and Access to Information
Describes a system concept for integrated control, protection, condition monitoring, condition supervision, asset management and outage management system, which assures higher availability of plants and enhancement of the overall utility performance.


Using Microprocessor Relays
A subsstation is a complete, self contained substation designed to supply a single distribution circuit. Each substation consists of a power transformer
ranging in size from 1000 to 2500 kva and a dedicated low side circuit breaker to provide feeder protection and contrl.


How to Draw a Sequence Diagram
A sequence diagram has two dimensions: the vertical dimension represents time and the horizontal dimension represents the objects participating in the interaction. Time flows from top to bottom. Objects (or classifier roles, more generally) are shown as vertical lines (called lifelines) and messages as horizontal arrows extending from a sender object to a receiver object.

Free Download Relays Standard Device number

Protective Relays & SCADA Systems
Aim of this standard is to arrive at a complete communication solution for substations, thus providing users with interoperability among different makes on the basis of Ethernet technology.


Numerical Protection Relays
The goal of this standard is to achieve an object-oriented communication structure within substations.
SIPROTEC protection relays and bay control units are the first to feature the IEC 61850 standard.With the substation configurator, a part of DIGSI 4, SIPROTEC units as well as other makes can be configured in accordance with IEC 61850.


ANSI Standard Device Numbers
The system uses numbers 1 through 99. Some numbers are left blank for assignment to special functions which may be used within a particular company.This numbering system will be employed on: One-Line Diagrams, Three-Line Diagrams, and Control Schematics



Peculiarities of the relays intended
Parameters of the subminiature electromagnetic relays used as output elements in microprocessor relay protection, do not correspond to technical specifications on these relay protection. The reasons of this discrepancy are analyzed.the switching capacity of relay contacts is determined by the area of contact surface, contacts mass, contact force and contact gap.


IEEE (ANSI) Device Number 16
In electric utility and industrial applications, Ethernet local area networks (LANs) and wide area
networks (WANs) are being used for message transmission to carry out high-speed control and
protection.


1 to 99 ANSIStandard Device Number



List of Device Numbers
denote what features a protective device supports (such as a
relay or circuit breaker). These types of devices protect electrical systems and components from damage when an unwanted event occurs, such as an electrical fault


Facilities Instructions, Standard and Techniques
Relays and relay settings are not to be changed from what is indicated on current issues of relay data sheets unless authorized by regional or project personnel with the proper responsibility. A sufficient number of initial operations should be made by manually operating relay contacts to make sure that all devices which should be operated by the relay, function freely and properly, including auxiliary contacts and targets within the relay.


Relay symbols and device numbers
Protection relay The asterisk must be replaced by one or more letters or qualifying symbols indicating the parameters of the device



IEEE C37.2
Probably the oldest IEEE standard still in regular use. It was first published in 1928
as AIEE No. 26, and provided a language to describe “automatic substations” as well as other applications.



BE1-Numerical Relay System Features
For example, a time over current relay  is designated a 51 device, while an instantaneous overcurrent is a 50 device. Multifunction relays have  combination's of device numbers.


ANSI Standard
With explaination in each Device Designation. Used only for specific applications in individual installations where none of the assigned numbered functions from 1 to 94 are suitable, Auxiliary Devices

Free Download Electrical Distribution Underground System

 source

Electrical Distribution System Underground
Cable joints, terminations and connectors, conduit and ducts, manholes, handholes, and pullboxes, transformer, substations and switchgear, pad mounted, metal enclosed.


Underground Electrical Distribution systems
Increase your understanding, system components, planning and design of underground systems, opertation and maintenance of underground systems,
Identify the advantages and disadvantages of underground vs. overhead distribution systems


Electrical Technical Letter
This ETL provides technical guidance and criteria for directional boring
trenchless technology methods to install high density polyethylene electrical
conduit used for underground electrical distribution systems.


Overhead to Underground Conversion
Ovehead construction is the standard in florida, but all investor owned utilities are required to have a process where customers can opt to underground existing overhead service by paying the increment cost. For municipals and cooperatives, the decision to underground is left to local citizen boards.

Electrical Servicing in Underground
For residential distribution developments, EPC construction standards comply with the Alberta Electrical and Communication
Utility Code under the Alberta Safety Codes Act and accepted electrical utility practices.An underground electrical system shall be mandatory, except as otherwise
authorized by the approving authorities. It may be either a modified underground
system



Distribution System of the Potomac Electric Power Company
The objective of this assignment was to perform an independent assessment of Potomac Electric
Power Company’s (Pepco) underground electric distribution facilities in light of a series of
manhole explosions and fires that have occurred in the District of Columbia (DC) over the past
several years.


Streetlight Specification
On Overhead and understand ground installation,



Product for Underground System
Has pioneered and produced economical, dependable connectors and protective devices for urban underground distribution systems. This extensive experience has been applied to the
development of equipment for low cost underground distribution systems for light
commercial and residential areas.

More on Electrical Engineering Tutorials

Ratings of a Circuit Breaker in and Outdoor

We need the ratings of a circuit breaker whether indoor or outdoor before the design done. All the designs is based on where you are located in the planet earth it is because of the voltage system mattered. Following below links is a free PDF file as requested in the previous articles I do hope it will answers all the request from the followers of this site.

circuit Breaker Standards
Preferred Ratings for Indoor Circuit Breakers with Voltage Range Factor K>1.0, Rating structure changes have caused some
concerns and misunderstandings because the
ratings assigned to circuit breakers, in accordance
with the 1987 ratings edition



Rating Structure of High Voltage Circuit Breakers
Considerations for selection of Circuit Breakers for Capacitive Current Switching and TRV
Ratings for capacitance current switching
1) Rated overhead line charging current;
2) Rated isolated cable and isolated shunt capacitor bank switching current;
3) Rated back to back cable and isolated shunt capacitor bank switching current;
4) Rated transient inrush current peak;
5) Rated transient inrush current frequency;




Generator Switchgear With IEEE
Gas Turbine Generators, Steam Turbine Generators,Diesel Electric Generators, Hydro Electric Generators,Combined Cycle Plants
Referring to the one-line representations above, there are important issues over safely interrupting short circuit faults in a
generator circuit which cannot be normally handled by distribution class circuit breakers.


Comparison between ANSI/IEEE and IEC
Voltage levels are different, standard current ratings are different, and system kA interrupting
levels are also quite different. It is common for European designers to keep continuous currents and kA levels lower by increasing the system voltage and allowing system impedance to be higher. In North America, the opposite theory seems to be often (but not always) applied.


Benefits of Enclosed Distribution Substations
Explore AIS Construction, Distribution Substation,Bus Design Considerations,  Necessary to connect remote power, control and sensing cables to outboard apparatus to control house.


METAL-CLAD VACUUM SWITCHGEAR
This advanced switchgear line is completely factory built, wired and assembled. Each cubicle may contain the circuit breaker, bus bars, primary
and secondary disconnecting devices, instrument transformers, instruments and relays, secondary
wiring and other necessary corn...


INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IEC and IEEE
Overhead, pad-mounted, dry vault, and submersible automatic circuit reclosers and fault interrupters for alternating current systems up to 38 kV

Learn How Electricity Is Delivered To Our Home

When I'm a student this is the basic topic that we always tackle about how electricity works or how
does electricity is delivered to our home. Many times when we don't know the answer, every time there is
a brown out or black out we tend to blame etc. without knowing that the main cause is from the source of
electrity for that to be not ignorant about this topic, I'am collecting another useful site to be compared
so that we can easily understand with also free pdf file for you to download.



The Discovery Of Electricity
From Generators, Tranmission Grid, Distribution, Subtransmission,Distribution, and low voltage which is in our home.


How Electricity is Made
Before we even start with how electricity is generated and transported to your house, we need to define what electricity is. Think of electricity as water flowing through a pipe or garden hose. The water is really electrons in the metal that makes up the wire.


Centre For Energy
After electricity is generated, it has to be moved to customers that use the electricity. This involves two basic steps: transmission moving electricity at high voltages from generating plants to local communities and distribution moving power to individual customers.


How is Electricity Provided to Your Home?
The system consists
of high voltage lines and towers that spread from the east coast to
the west coast. You can think of it as the main trunk of a tree.


Electricity Is Delivered to Consumers Through a Complex Network
The origin of the electricity you consume may vary. Utilities may generate all the electricity they sell using just the power plants they own. Utilities may also purchase some of their supply on the wholesale market from other utilities, power marketers, independent power producers, or from a market based on membership in a regional transmission reliability organization.


Delivered from Power Plant To You(pdf)
From the power plant, large cables (transmission lines) suspended on
steel poles, wood poles, or steel towers, carry the current to
substations. Here the voltage (pressure) is lowered in steps and fed
into a distribution system. Smaller transformers provide the proper
voltages for industries, stores, homes and farms.


Where Does Electricity Come From
Reading Room,Learning Zone, Libraries, Enfo.

How Coal-Fired Power Plant Works? Electrical Engineering Tutorials

  We know that we have a huge energy resources but on this article we are focussing on
Coal fired power plant works, below listed you will find how its works from head to foot
almost all you wanted about coal power plant.

What makes a coal-fired power plant works?
Drag the picture to the appropriate place in a power plant

Naming the different parts of a C-F power plant
Drag the correct name to each part of the power plant.

Coal parts animation
coal is generally shipped
by railcar from the mine to the power plant.  The  Coal is pulverized by crusing, impact and attrition (rubbing) of the coal to a size finer than facer
power. The primary air supply dries and transports the coal in the furnace.

Flash coal plant virtual tour
Simple and easy to understants its works.


Advance Gas-cooled reactor Schematic
Shows how energy flows found and AGR power station you click to start the movie then next afterwards


Using Coal To Make Electricity
How a fossil fuel combution power plant works. The heat from the
burner turns water into stream in a pressurized water system.

Operating Reactor
The Cavity serves as the coal conversion reactor.The oxidant for
the reaction is supplied.


Conventional Coal-fired
Transport and delivery,Fuel preparation, Feedwater heating and deaeration, The steam turbines and the electrical generator
Control of nitrogen oxides emissions.


Electricity from Coal
Coal is the solid end-product of millions of years of decomposition of organic materials. In truth, coal is stored solar energy. Plants capture the energy from sunlight through photosynthesis, which directly converts solar energy to plant matter.


Coal Mining and Burning
Due to depletion and electric demand continuing to increase, coal is becoming increasingly popular, causing coal prices to rise with increased coal demand.


Coal & Electricity
Modern life is unimaginable without electricity. It lights houses, buildings, streets, provides domestic and industrial heat, and powers most equipment used in homes, offices and machinery in factories. Improving access to electricity worldwide is critical to alleviating poverty.


Renewable Energy Technologies on Coal
Describes a new generation of energy processes that sharply reduce air emissions and other pollutants compared to older coal-burning systems.


Why Is Coal The Best Option?
Price Stability, Known Technologies, Employee Well-Being, Coal Reserves, Environmentally Sound

World Largest Electrical Power Plant On Earth

When talking of the World's Largest Electrical Power plant around the planet earth none other than
Three Georges Dam it was located at Yiling Distric of Yichang in Hubie province China. Has installed
electrical capacity of 22,500 mega watts with an annual generation of 100,000 Giga watt hour. With total
of 34 main electrical generators 32 of which has a capacity of 700 mega watts and the other two has a capacity of
50 mega watts. Uses Francis turbines, the turbine diameter is 9.7/10.4 m (VGS design/Alstom's design) and rotation speed is 75 revolutions per minute.
The rated power is 778 mega volt ampere, with a maximum of 840 mega volt ampere.The surface area is 1,045 km2.

Free Tutorial : Circuit Breaker The Muscle of Electrical Power System

Electrical power system is like a human being having a heart and a muscle, we already knew that the heart of electrical power system is electrical power transformer, but on this article we will be focusing on the muscle of electrical power system called the electrical circuit breakers.

From well known scholar Electrical Engineer C.S.D. of our company said. A circuit breakers are almost present in all electrical installations for circuit protection, some are using fuses with equivalent function to save the circuitry from electrical faults and other abnormal conditions.

Faults are possible in tree branches touching a electrical power line causing short circuit can cause tremendous amount of electrons to flow on wires and other equipment that the later cannot carry without breakage, thus, the need to cut the supply is necessary to avoid sizable damage on the electrical system.

During a bad weather, a strong wind can blow an overhead power line causing it to swing and touch the other live electrical wires and thereby resulting to a large current to rush on both lines. The same may happen a branch of tree  comes in contact with a power line temporarily or permanently. On such abnormal conditions, an instrument capable of cutting and restoring electrical power within a very minimal time is badly needed.

This is a job for electrical circuit breakers and electrical fuses, it automatically opens the circuit when overloading and short circuit happens, therefore preventing large amounts of currents to continue and harm the equipment by fire, melting or disintegration.

Unlike Electrical fuses that can be utilized only once and must be replaced, circuit breakers can be used several times and can be reset manually or remotely using supervisory control and data acquisition or SCADA.

Electrical circuit breakers vary in sizes, constructions, structure, and more but has to be strong enough like a muscle to be able to disconnect the circuit during abnormal conditions without damaging itself. An example of which is the high voltage circuit breaker inside a electrical power substation.

On the other hand a mini circuit breaker is usually used on residential, commercial and also industrial buildings with low supply voltage.

More about Electrical Circuit breaker free pdf and tutorials found below

Fuses and circuit breaker


Circuit breaker sizing on faults calculations


 Definitions and its uses of Circuit breakers
Circuit breakers elements, types of circuit breakers, principles and operations, breakers requirements, particular of C.breakers, its ratings


CircuitBreakers for equipments
The overload sensing is done with the aid of a thermal bimetal which
has the advantage of being immune to high inrush currents and line
transients.

A Free Good references Ebook for Power Engineer and Electrical Engineering Students

There are Lots of Power engineer or an Electrical Engineering Student whom wanna find an electrical books
 and links also for free as I thinking to collect from different website and now I would like to share it all just follow the links.

Transformer Committee
The IEEE/PES Transformer Committee. They have transformer bibliography in lots more if you visit their site.


Electrical and feeder protection control 
 Free pdf file on Converter Connection To ABB Protective Relays, Calculation of the Current Transformer Accuracy Limit Factor, Application note, Current Transformer Requirements for Non-Directional Overcurrent Protection, Application note, Distance Protection, Application note and setting guide, Stabilizing Resistor in Motor Earth-Fault Protection, Application note.

 Copper for Busbars
Short-Circuit Effects, Busbar Impedance, Current-carrying Capacity of Busbars, Design Considerations


Distribution System Design
The USDA Rural Electrification Service has many publications,  Lots of other information about line construction and related subjects, browse the whole list.


The Art and Science of Protective Relaying
Available for free download authored by C. Russell Mason's



Electrical Symmetrical Components
Method of Symmetrical Co-ordinates Applied to the Solution of Polyphase Networks, Digital Computer Solution of Power-Flow Problems, Two-Reaction Theory of Synchronous Machines: Generalized Method of Analysis - Part I, Wave Propagation in Overhead Wires with Ground Return.


 Power System Protection and Protective Relaying Links
Relaying equipment manufacturing acturers, fault analysis, relay coordination, voltage drop and arc flash,relaying and power industry standards related to organization. power industry general info sources.


A Practical Guide to Short-Circuit Calculations
Competitively Priced Electric Power System Analytical Studies


 General Power
Use this site as a references books only but not for free its useful because if you want to know what books you want in electrical engineering. IEEE Std 141-1993 (R1999)The Red Book - Power Distribution, IEEE Std 142-2007 The Green Book - Grounding, IEEE Std 241-1990 (R1997) The Gray Book - Commercial Buildings , IEEE Std 242-2001 The Buff Book - Protection and Coordination, IEEE Std 399-1997 The Brown Book - Power Systems Analysis , IEEE Std 446-1995 The Orange Book - Emergency and Standby Power , IEEE Std 493-1997 The Gold Book - Reliable Design, IEEE Std 551-2006 The Violet Book - Short-Circuit Currents, IEEE Std 602-2007 The White Book - Health Care Facilities , IEEE Std 739-1995 The Bronze Book - Energy Management , IEEE Std 902-1998 The Yellow Book - Maintenance, Operations, and Safety , IEEE Std 1015-2006 The Blue Book - Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers, IEEE Std 1100-2005 The Emerald Book - Electronic Equipment

All About The World's Largest Wind Turbine Generator

Before go on to the list of the world's largest wind turbine generator let first know its definition and its purpose. What is wind turbine? the answer is a rotating machine which converts the kinetic energy in wind into mechanical energy. That's wind turbine but when we talk about wind turbine generator its another story they become a generator when we convert from mechanical energy into electrical energy which mean we attach a generator to rotating part of a wind turbine. So let go to ahead the list for further discussion.



Seven Plus Megawatts
This turbine has a rotor diameter of 126 meters (413 feet). called a Enercon E-126. these have inverters instead of synchronous generators, that is to say, a separate controller that converts the wild AC generated into something the grid can use. This means the rotor can run at more optimum and varied speeds.
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7.5 megawatt MBE turbine
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Type of wind turbine
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10 MW turbines being the next targe
The turbines, from GE and Siemens, don’t necessarily represent the largest turbines available, but they’ll be the largest ever installed at the wind center, giving scientists a chance to poke and prod the machines to see what kind of stresses the turbines can take. They plan to work on ways to get more power out of existing turbines, and on how to improve the durability of the turbine’s components.
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Offshore wind turbines
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For Wind Turbine is Bigger Better
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A power transmission system is sometimes referred to colloquially as a "grid"; however, for reasons of economy, the network is rarely a true grid. Redundant paths and lines are provided so that power can be routed from any power plant to any load center, through a variety of routes, based on the economics of the transmission path and the cost of power. Much analysis is done by transmission companies to determine the maximum reliable capacity of each line, which, due to system stability considerations, may be less than the physical or thermal limit of the line. Deregulation of electricity companies in many countries has led to renewed interest in reliable economic design of transmission networks. The low cost and abundance of coal is one of the primary reasons for this. Electric power transmission, a process in the delivery of electricity to consumers, is the bulk transfer of electrical power. Typically, power transmission is between the power plant and a substation near a populated area. Electricity distribution is the delivery from the substation to the consumers. Due to the large amount of power involved, transmission normally takes place at high voltage (110 kV or above). Electricity is usually transmitted over long distance through overhead power transmission lines.
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The power supply design then usually follows that engineer throughout their employment with that company because of the “ millstone effect.” For me, this turned out to be fortunate. I had always been intrigued by the unknown and loved the fi eld ’ s curious combination of RF, digital, analog and power. My reward is in realizing that I intuitively understand an area that few engineers do, and my power supply designs are in many of the products in use today.
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