How Does Electric Tractions Works? Question and Answer

Electric Traction Theory
Steam Locomotive, Diesel Engines, Electric traction, Advantages, Electrical transmission, which is usually applied to high power units, has following advantages, The Direct and Alternating Current.

what is electric traction?
electric Traction means to use electic motors for railway service, Act of drawing or being drawn is known as traction.If electric supply is used for driving a locomotive, the system is known as electric traction.Electric traction may be A.C. or D.C. powered.e.g.600V dc is given to tramways and trolley buses.

ELECTRIC TRACTION
The electric locomotive and electric motor coach may be regarded as natural developments that have followed steam traction. New conditions have set new standards in railway travel. This is exemplified in the rapid development of electric suburban train services for the new built-up areas spreading in all directions round large cities.

Electric Traction Drives
This page describes the way electric motors on locomotives and multiple units drive the axles and wheels. See also the Electronic Power, Multiple Unit Operation, DC Traction Motor Systems and Electric Traction Glossary pages.

Answer tips/answer samples of What is electric traction?
Electric traction systems use DC motors, but nowadays, some people tend to use magnetic traction instead of electric ones.

ELECTRIC TRACTION FOR AUTOMOBILES - Free PDF download
a comparison concerning electric traction drives for passenger cars is given. Electric traction drives presently available on the market are analyzed and future developments are described.

Power Supply Installation in Electric Traction - Free PDF download
The book on "Power Supply Installation in Electrical Traction" was brought out by Institution of Railway Electrical Engineers (IREE) long back. Since, lot of changes have taken place in the field of Power Supply Installation, it has become necessary to incorporate the changes in this volume. Few additions and modifications in the field of Power Supply Installations are included in this book.

Question and Answer of Electric Traction

1. Overall efficiency of steam locomotive system is close to answer 5 to 10 percent
2. Maximum horse power of steam locomotive is answer 1500
3. The efficiency of diesel locomotives is nearly answer20 to 25 percent
4. The range of horsepower for diesel locomotives is 1500 to 2500
5. What motor is used in tramways? answer DC series motor
6. The advantages of electric braking is It prevents wear of track
7. What is the braking system on the locomotives answer Regenerative breaking on electric locomotives
8. What is the coefficient of adhesion highest? when answer the rails are dry
9. The estimated speed of the train, including the time of stop at a station, in addition to the actual running time between stops, is called its answer Schedule speed
10. Which of the following types of services consume the least specific energy? Main line service
11. Locomotives have two bogies with two driving axles with individual drive motors.
12. A composite system is made up of answer single phase power received is converted into DC or three phase power AC system
13. For 600 volts DC line for tram cars what is the correct voltages Track are connected to negative of the supply
14. Free running and coasting periods are generally long in case of which of the following services? answer Main line service
15. A train runs at an average speed of 50 kmph between stations situated 2.5 km apart. The train accelerates at 2 kmph and retards at 3 kmph. Speed time curve may be assumed to be trapezoidal. The maximum speed with these parameters will be answer 57.75kmph
16. Suri transmission is answer Hydro mechanical
17. When a locomotive for Indian Railways is designed as WAMI, what does the letter W indicate? answer The locomotive is to run on broad gauge track
18. The main differece between speed time curve of main line service as compared to suburban services lies in answer longer free running periods, longer coasting periods and shorter acceleration and braking periods

All About Electric Induction Motors Tutorials

All About Induction Motor Facts, Tutorials and Important Information

Advantages of a three phase induction motor:
This is simple in construction. It is robust. It si almost unbreakable.
- It requires minimum care and maintenance.
- For a given horse power cost of induction motor is less.
- It has high efficiency
- It has a reasonably good power factor.
- It is self starting

Disadvantages of a three phase induction motor:
- Its speed can not be varied without loss of efficiency.
- Its speed decrease with the increase of load.
- It has inferior starting torque

Principle of Induction Motor:
When a three phase supply is given to the stator, a rotating field produces induced e.m.f. in rotor windings which cause induced currents tend to propose the action, producing them and therefore they circulate in such a manner that a torque is produced in the rotor tending it to cause it to flow the rotating field and thus reduce the relative motion which is producing the induced currents.


Key facts on Induction Motor:
- Squirrel cage induction motor has very small starting torque.
- Just like a D.C. shunt motor, the speed of an induction motor operating in stable region decreases with increase in load.
- Magnetic flux produced due to the stator winding with three phase current of frequency and which is of constant value, rotates at synchonous speed. If the number of pole of the motor. the synchronous speed is given by Ns = 120f/P.
- An induction motor rotor runs at a speed which is always less than the speed of the stator field.
- In a three phase induction motor the torque increases with the increase in supply voltage.
- Improvement in the power factor in an induction motor increase the torque and decrease the current due to increased impedance.
- Two of the power supply terminals to a three phase induction motor got interchanged during recondition after maintenance of the motor, when put back into service, the motor will rotate in the reverse direction to that prior to maintenance.
- If the air gap of the induction motor is increased the magnetizing current will increse.
- In a slip ring induction motor resistance is connected in rotor phases to increase the starting current.
- For a three phase wound rotor induction motor, and increase in rotor resistance effects the motor performance in the starting current decrease.
- It is advisable to avoid line starting of induction motor and use starter because motor takes five to seven times its full load current.
- A change of five percent in the supply voltage of a three phase induction motor will produce to its torque a change of approximately ten percent.

IIEE-ICA Electrical EngineeringTechnical Manuals free pdf ebooks

Last Augusts 25-27, 2011 The International Copper Association – South East Asia and Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. gaves us a Three free books with CD of free ebooks a pdf file on the 15th Southern Mindanao Regional Conference. The three free books all about the abstract for the presentation of the contents of three technical manuals through the initiative of international copper association southern (ICASEA) and administered, executed, and implemented of ICA, a non-profit organization promoting the efficient use of copper in the industry. The main objective of ICASEA is to advance copper as the material of choice for current makets and new applications given its superior attributes in terms of technical performance, aesthetic value, sustainability, essentiality for life, and its contribution to a higher standard of living listed below are the following
which is ready to download a pdf file.

Power Transformer
This manual shows how a transformer can be put to use appropriately in a particular situation. The purpose of this manual is to facilitate the physical understanding, selection, ordering, operation, and maintenace of transformer. The target readers are personnel involved in the various stages of a transformer's sevice life from planning the investment to the disposal of the transformer after use.

Electrical Motors and Drives
This manual deals primarily with small and medium sized induction motors which are the most common type of alternating current motor including asynchronous motor starting systems. They are internationally standardized and are efficienctly in long production runs. The combination of new materials and more sophistacated methods for calculation, design and production have made the modern three phase induction motors a robust and realible prime mover.

Power Cables and Wire
Power Cable and Wires technical manual was written to address the needs of by consumers, specifiers, and purchasers to have a ready reference guide in correctly specifying or ordering the appropriateness of cables and or wires, from the conductor to the insulator, are each discussed in this manual so as to educate or inform the reader of its fundamental use or purpose to the final product.

All About Electric Motors machinery Controls links tutorials

Handbook of Small Electric Motors free ebook - I Found this site full of free ebook on electrical machinary


Electric Motor Controls
understanding the many various control devices available and their uses and limitations becomes an important part related to reliable operation and protection of the motor and the personnel using the motor.Certain pieces of motor control equipment can accomplish multiple functions from each of the topics or categories.


Instrumentation And Control
Tutorials on Electric Actuators. Electrically actuated system are very widely used in control systems because they are easy to interface with the control systems which are also elecric and because electricity is easily available unlike fluid power which require pumps and compressors.


The Three Phase Induction Motor
Thomas Edison He invented the incandescent lamp in 1879 and began immediately to develop a power generating and distribution system to promote it. His first power plant opened in new York City in 1882 and several others were built over the next few years. Most of the power generated by Edison’s plants went to lighting customers; however, DC motors were in use in industry by the 1880’s. Although Edison’s efforts were a limited financial success, it was soon recognized that DC systems suffered heavy power losses in transmissions over any distance.


A Brief Tutorial On Machine Vibration
These benign vibrations are characteristic of regular operation of a machine doing what it is supposed to do. The amplitudes will vary from machine to machine and are a measure of the quality of manufacturing and load condition. The presence of these benign vibrations at “normal” levels provides a comfortable feeling that the machine is still alive.


Motor Basics
Motors convert electrical energy to mechanical energy.Engines convert chemical energy to mechanical energy. Operating Principle, Motor Parts, Enclosure, Stator, Rotor, Wound Rotor Motors, Bearings, Other Parts,





All electric motors are governed by the laws of electromagnetism, and are subject to essentially the same constraints imposed by the materials copper and iron  from which they are made. We should therefore not be surprised to Wnd that at the fundamental level all motors – regardless of
type – have a great deal in common.  Although there are many diVerent types of converters, all except very low-power ones are based on some form of electronic switching. The need to adopt a switching strategy is emphasised in the Wrst example, where the consequences are explored in some depth. We will see that switching is essential in order to achieve high-eYciency power conversion, but that the resulting waveforms are inevitably less than ideal from the point of view of the motor.

All about single phase to three phase converter works? Electrical tutorials

If you are living in the areas where the supply is single phase electric line you tend to be discouraged when you have an appliances that needs a 3 phase line. Don't lose hope it is because there are huge Phase converters are used to run 3-phase equipment on single phase power. There are several types of 3 phase converters - rotary, static and digital solid state, and drive type inverters, or frequency drives- to name a few. They can all be used to convert single phase electricity to 3-phase power. They are very commonly used to power 3-phase commercial and industrial grade equipment and electric motors. Focusing on the most familiar 3 phase power converters, static and rotary. You will  find its defination and its differentiation so that you will buy a phase converter that fits On you.

source

How does a rotary phase converter work?
is actually a rotating transformer. Through transformer action a phase converter splits off and phase shifts a portion of the single-phase supply from the utility creating true 3-phase power.


What is a static phase converter?
Understanding the static phase converter can help you to choose whether a rotary or a static phase converter is right to power your 3-phase machinery or equipment.


What is a Digital-Phase Converter?
Are electronic and non-mechanical in nature and are a recently new concept in balancing electrical three-phase power. Digital-phase converters produce balanced three-phase power in all load applications, even demanding ones.

Solid state single phase to three phase converter
The converter will fill a need for motor drives which require more control than the present phase converters can provide but do not require a full-blown variable frequency drive.


Rotary Phase Conductor Schematic
This provides more power to the tool motor, and also brings it up to speed faster. The rotary converter is best served when you have a motor which is started and stopped frequently, and you need the full power of the motor.


what is Frequency Phase Converter
A Frequency Phase Converter is a circuit, device or machine that changes an alternating current from one frequency to another, with or without a change in voltage or number of phases.

Free Pdf Electrical Question and Answer download

Electrical Engineering
Frequent problem with solution


Questions and Answers about Electrical Safety
The law also requires electrical permits before work begins and inspections before the work can be approved. These steps encourage quality work and consistent application of electrical laws and codes. The following questions and answers further explain requirements that promote electrical safety and protect people and property.


Electrical Machines II Short questions and answers
Why almost all large size Synchronous machines are constructed with rotating
field system type?

ELECTRICAL INSPECTOR EXAMINATION
Refer to the Electricity Act and state TWO classes of registered persons
who can be classed as a supervisor of electrical work.




Electrical Engineering – Answer ALL questions
The transient current flowing in an RL electrical circuit is a solution of the first order
differential equation


Ontario Electrical Safety Code
When does the new rules become effective?, Was grandfathering of the old rules permitted for applications that have been requested?,



NEC Question and Answer
An overcurrent device shall be connected at the point where the conductor to be protected
receives its supply,



Installing Photovoltaic Systems
This Question and Answer Guide for Solar Electric Systems addresses general considerations about photovoltaics (PV) technology and requirements for installing photovoltaic power systems, including building-integrated applications. Contained in this guide are commonly asked questions about the technology, and responses based on current state-of-the-art equipment and industry design practice.



Trailing Cable Electrical Problem
This mine utilizes 550 volt 3 phase equipment and has continuous miners. Femco ground
monitors are used.


Canada's New Electrical Safety Standard
How are AC and DC voltages addressed in the standard? What labeling of electrical panels is required, and where do I find the standard that references it?


Photovoltaics Question and Answer
What are photovoltaics?, How are photovoltaic cells made?,  Their universal appeal lies
in the fact that they generate electricity from the sun. Working photovoltaics have no moving parts, are relatively simple in design, need very little maintenance, and are environmentally benign.

The Benefits Of Variable Speed Drives On Electrical Motors

As today's technology Many Electrical motor applications in industry do not require constant speed. Why because most motors used are induction motors, whose speeds are practically constant. So therefore the energy consumption would have been optimized, had the motor speed been varied to correspond to the load demand. This is where variable speed drives come in. Through the electronics, the motor frequency is adjusted to correspond to the load requirement. A drawback here is the production of harmonics. So what's the benefits of variable speed drives. Here it is Authored by one of the popular Engr. of The Philippines Engineer Arsenio Abellana.

1. Reduced energy consumption - Centrifugal fan and pump loads operated with variable speed drives reduce energy consumption.

2. Reduced power demand during start-up - With the smooth speed control provided by VSD's large inrush currents, and consequently large power inrush, are avoided. This result to a lower demand charge.

3. Lesser mechanical stress - And ac motor is started across the line, takes a s much as seven to eight times the motor full load current start the motor and load. When a variable speed drives is used, the substantially reduced starting current reduces the wear and tear on the motor, thus extending the life of an ac motor.

4. Reduced power line disturbances - When an ac motor is started across the line, the demand for staring current, drains the power distribution system connected to the motor, thus the supply voltage sags, which can cause sensitive equipment connected on the same distribution system to trip. Items such as computers, sensors, electronic switches and electrical contactors are voltage sensitive and cna drop out when a large motor is started.

5. Controlled stopping - With a VSD, finely controlled stopping can be easily done. This helps reduce product breakages or mechanical wear and tear to shocks to the manufacturing process.

the last is

6. Elimination of some parts in the process - With the use of a VSD, some parts in the process may be superfluous. For instance, we can eliminate the need for a reversing starter, since the output phases to the motor can be electronically changed without mechanical devices.

You can go to this site also about motor Guide..By ABB

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THE INDUCTIVE, DESTRUCTIVE KICK, VOLTAGE, THE STRANGE ONE, THE MULTIMETER, RESISTOR TYPES, THE AMMETER "SHUNT", A Power Source of Exactly 1.00 Volt, THE WHEATSTONE BRIDGE, STANDARD CONNECTIONS, The Oscilloscope, WHAT A CAPACITOR IS, ELECTROMAGNETS AND GENERATORS, SIMPLE RC FILTERS, Simple Relay Circuit, Semiconductors, WHAT THEY ARE 149
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Newnes Electrical Engineer's Handbook
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Handbook of Electric Power Calculations
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Handbook of small electric Motors
Contents: Basic Magnetics, Mechanics and Manufacturing Methods, Materials,Direct-Current Motors, Electronically Commutated Motors, Alternating-Current Induction Motors, Synchronous Machines, Application of Motors, Testing, Drives and Controls.
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Electrical Safety Handbook
Best-practice methods for accident prevention and electrical hazard avoidance, Current safety regulations, including new standards from OSHA, NEC, NESC, and NFPA,Coverage of safety equipment, Information on low-, medium-, and high-voltage safety systems, Step-by-step guidelines on safety audits,Training program how-to’s, from setup to management,Rescue and first aid procedures, And more than 200 pages of new safety-enhancing features
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Electric Drives and Electromechanical Systems
An invaluable survey of electric drives and control systems for electromechanical and mechatronics applications, Essential reading for electrical and mechanical engineers using motors and drives, An ideal electric motors and drives text for university courses including mechatronic.
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Electronic Circuits for the Evil Genius
The perfect addition to our "Evil Genius" series, this book details everything an electronics hobbyist would want to know about circuits and circuit design through 57 Lessons.
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Handbook of Transportation Engineering
Extensive sections on road construction and maintenance, bridge construction and repair, and mass transit systems, Examines airline traffic control systems, airline schedule planning, and airline ground operation, Covers marine, rail, and freight transportation .
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Remote Control Schematic Diagram
The integrated circuit incorporates VOLUME, BALANCE, BASS and TREBLE controls and it is only necessary to apply appropriate DC voltages externally to operate them. This is a really impressive array of specifications which, added to the DC control feature, sum up to a really interesting device fit to be used as the heart of a modern hi-fi preamplifier.
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Home Appliance Repair and Troubleshooting Guide
Repair and troubleshooting guide for Electrical Appliances (general overview) n Gas Appliances, Refrigerator & Freezer , Oven & Range , Dishwasher ,Washing Machine ,Clothes Dryer. Save your money Before you call the repair person.
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Series LCD Monitor User’s Guide
This monitor is equipped with an auto-sensing power supply for voltage ranges 100—240 V AC, 50/60 Hz. Use the monitor with the supplied DC adapter only. Warranty repair or replacement, Service Provided : US & Canada Only
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Introduction to Digital Systems
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LCD TV With Energy Saving Technology
The LCD TV components explained above contribute greatly to this low energy consumption. is a schematic diagram detailing the platform construction of the LC-30BV5. shows a comparison of power consumption, power consumption during standby mode and annual power consumption
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LCD Color Monitor Service Manual
SPECIFICATIONS, PRECAUTIONS, TIMING CHART, OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS, WIRING DIAGRAM, BLOCK DIAGRAM. DESCRIPTION OF BLOCK DIAGRAM, ADJUSTMENT, TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE. EXPLODED VIEW REPLACEMENT PARTS LIST SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM.
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LCD Monitor Controller/Inverter Application Overview
The LCD controller itself and the surrounding controller logic are powered from the 5V bus. The LCD inverter and other electronics on the board are powered from the 12V bus. Misconnections and mishandling either during assembly or during use of a wake-up port can cause large overloads and short-circuits to the system.
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Nice eBooks Electrical Engineering eBooks Mathematics for Electrical, Scanning, Polyphase Electric Motor, Electrical Handbook,

Electrical Engineering - Neural Network Design
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Scanning Probe Microscopy
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Noise of Polyphase Electric Motors
Provides the most up-to-date and comprehensive treatment of issues related to noise and vibration in electric motors, Gathers the fundamental concepts along with all of the analytical, numerical, and statistical methods into a unified reference. It supplies all of the tools necessary to improve the noise performance of electrical motors at the design stage.
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Principles of Electrical Measurement
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Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers
Units, Symbols, Definitions, and Conversion Factors , Electric and Magnetic Circuits , Measurements and Instruments , Generation , Prime Movers , Alternating-Current Generators, Direct-Current Generators , Hydroelectric Power Generation , Power System Components, Electric Power System Economics , Transmission Systems , Power-System Operation , Power Distribution ,
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A Mathematical Introduction to Control Theory
Series in Electrical and Computer Engineering, An introduction to modern control
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Design of Electrical Services for Buildings
Electrical services are a vital component in any building, so it is necessary for construction professionals to understand the basic principle of services design.
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The Electrical Engineering Handbook
Electrical topics of great concern to almost all modern engineers. The authors have assembled an authoritative and comprehensive reference tool specifically targeting practicing engineers.
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Oxford English for Electrical and Mechanical Engineering
Coverage in all four skills with up-to-date technical content.
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Free tutorials and project for ac motor control circuits

Complete Shematic and Actual Diagram for motor control
http://www.spelektroniikka.fi/kuvat/triacd.pdf



WASHING MACHINE MOTOR CONTROLLER
Circuit diagram of washing machine motor controller, Direction of motor, Timing diagram for rotation of motor,
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The universal motor
Direct current or single-phase alternating current.
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Universal Motor Controller
Phase angle triac controller having all the necessary functions for universal motor speed control in washing machines.
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Speed Control of 3-Phase Induction Motor
Using PIC18 Microcontrollers, A typical nameplate of an induction motor lists,INDUCTION MOTOR TYPES, Squirrel Cage Motor,Slip Ring Motors, SPEED-TORQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUCTION MOTORS, BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR CONTROL.
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Motor Speed Controllers
The purpose of a motor speed controller is to take a signal representing the demanded speed, and to drive a motor at that speed.Theory of DC motor speed control, Inductors , PWM frequency, Choosing a frequency based on motor characteristics, Speed control circuits, Regeneration, Reversing, The full bridge circuit,Reducing the heat in the MOSFETs,PWM generator chips,Interfacing to the high power electronics,Interfacing to the radio control receiver, Current limiting.
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Motor Speed Control
Schematic Diagram of motor speed control with its components to be used.
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Three phase induction motors speed controller
The speed of a normal 3-phase induction motor is a function of the frequency of the supply voltage, the motor should be delta-connected.
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Basic Lamp Dimmer
A nice complete diagram and its components of a Lamp dimmer or controller
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USING A LIGHT DIMMER IC FOR AC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL
Limiting Minimum Triac Firing Angle of a Light Dimmer IC, All Resistors 1/4W and all Capacitors 25V Minimum, unless otherwise shown, producing output trigger pulses,, the MPS8599 transistor is turned on and develops a DC voltage on the .
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