The Flow Of Electricity and How Grounding Is Important In the Systems

The Flow Of Electricity and How Grounding Is Important In the Systems Tutorials
By: IIEE

The electric power utility provides a ground somewhere in its local distribution system; therefore, there is a ground wire in addition to the hot wires within the service drop. This ground can be seen at the power pole that contains the step down transformer.In addition to the ground connection provided by the electric utility, every building is required to have an independent ground, callead a"system ground." The system ground provides for limiting the voltage upon the circuit, which might otherwise occur through exposure to lighting, or for limiting the maximum potential to ground due to normal voltage. Therefore, the system ground's main purpose is to protect the electric system itself limited protection to the user.The system ground serves the same purpose as the power company's ground, however, being closer to the building it has a lower resistance. The equipment ground on the other hand, protects man from potential harm during the use of certain electrical equipment. The system ground should be a continuous wire of low resistance and of sufficient size to conduct current safely from lightning and overloads.

RESIDENTIAL ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS - Think of a pipe or a garden hose. When you turn on the water, it moves through the pipe and out the faucet or hose end. In a similar way , you can think of electricity as a current of very tiny particles (electrons) flowing inside a wire and through a light bulb or an appliance that’s been switched on.

How fast does electricity travel?
Electric current is defined as the ordered movement of charge. The charge that moves in
electricity could be ionic charges in a liquid or a gas (right). However most of us usually
think of electrons as the charge carrier in electricity. So we will refine the question
further by saying “How fast is an electric current comprising of moving electrons?”.


Measuring Electricity
Electricity makes our lives easier, but it can seem like a mysterious force. Measuring electricity is confusing because we cannot see it. We are familiar with terms such as watt, volt, and amp, but we do not have a clear understanding of these terms. We buy a 60-watt light bulb, a tool that requires 120 volts, or an appliance that uses 8.8 amps, but we don’t think about what those units mean.

Electrical Transmission lines Free PDF ebook download

 List of Electrical Engineering Ebooks

Electrical Characteristics Of Transmission lines
Transmission lines are generally characterized by the following properties: balance-to-ground characteristic impedance attenuation per unit length velocity factor electrical length, Skin effect is a phenomenon that occurs in conductors carrying an AC current. As the frequency increases, the current tends to be concentrated near the surface of the conductor. At RF, almost no current flows down the center of wire. It is all on the surface.


Electrical Power Transmission Lines
Properties Values, and Compensation, The effects of electric power transmission lines on property values is a controversial issue, and conventional procedure appear to be a major source of public dicontent over the sitting of transmission lines.


Review of Transmission-line Theory
The term transmission-line in electromagnetics is commonly reserved for those structures which are capable of guiding TEM waves. Transmission-lines are a special class of the more general electromagnetic waveguide. TEM waves can only exist in structures which contain two or more separate conductors. Coaxial lines, parallel plates, and two-wire lines are examples of practical transmission-lines.



Wireless Sensor Network for Electric-Transmission
Line Monitoring, Obtain electric power line (or grid) information in real time independent of owners/operators of grid assets. Provide source of information that Government can use to obtain situational awareness of the electrical grid.


Introduction To Transmission Lines and Waveguides
Is a device designed to guide electrical energy from one point to another. It is used, for example, to transfer the output rf energy of a transmitter to an antenna. This energy will not travel through normal electrical wire without great losses. Although the antenna can be connected directly to the transmitter, the antenna is usually located some distance away from the transmitter. On board ship, the transmitter is located inside a radio room, and its associated antenna is mounted on a mast.


Transmission Line Protection Principles
Factors like de-regulated market environment, economics, rightof- way clearance and environmental requirements have pushed utilities to operate transmission lines close to their operating limits. Any fault, if not detected and isolated quickly will cascade into a system wide disturbance causing widespread outages for a tightly interconnected system operating close to its limits.


Transmission Line Corona
Under certain conditions, the localized electric
field near energized components and conductors can produce a tiny electric discharge or corona, that
causes the surrounding air molecules to ionize, or undergo a slight localized change of electric charge.
Utility companies try to reduce the amount of corona because in addition to the low levels of noise that
result, corona is a power loss, and in extreme cases, it can damage system components over time.


The Nature of Electricity
The current transmission grid includes not only transmission lines that run from power plants to load
centers, but also from transmission line to transmission line, providing a redundant system that helps assure the smooth flow of power. If a transmission line is taken out of service in one part of the power grid, the power normally reroutes itself through other power lines to continue delivering power to the customer.

How Does A light emitting Diodes Works? free Pdf ebooks

Now a days LCD must be replaced with LED due to its huge advantages compared to LCD
We cannot deny the fact that today's modern world level up to highest high tech technology.
You can download if want a free pdf file all about LED how its works, characteristic, its electronic formulas
and many more..

How to Work with Light-Emitting Diodes
An incandescent light bulb uses a filament made of tungsten to produce light.  Passing
electricity through the filament heats the tungsten that then radiate visible light and heat.
The amount of light this type of bulb produces depends on the voltage applied to it.


Nanoscale Organic Light-Emitting Diodes
OLED devices based on the electroluminescent ruthenium bipyridyl complex have received attention
because this molecule is an efficient and bright emitter.


LIGHT EMITTING DIODES
A Light-Emitting Diode (LED) in essence is a P-N junction solid-state semiconductor diode that emits light when a current is applied though the device. This is somewhat similar to the role of the band-gap because it determines how much voltage is needed to be applied to the semiconductor chip before the current can flow
and the electrons pass the junction into the p-region.


A Switch to Light-Emitting Diodes
 This report contains research and recommendations for the City of Santa
Barbara.  It is found to be a good time to make this lighting switch throughout the city
by providing vouchers in order to decrease the overall amount of energy consume.


Working with LEDs
The cathode is the short lead and there may be a slight flat on the body of
round LEDs. If you can see inside the LED the cathode is the larger electrode (but
this is not an official identification method.
LEDs are available in red, orange, amber, yellow, green, blue and white. Blue and white LEDs are
much more expensive than the other colors.

How LED Lights Work
Almost every electronic device including MP3 players, DVD players, TV's, clock radios and computers. LED's have been popular for decades, however today they are cheaper, brighter and come in more colors than ever before.