All About Electronics Binary Numbers Tutorials

In digital system, however, only the digits 0 and 1 are used. This system is also known as binary system. It has a radix of 2. The binary system is used because digital circuits operate with square wave pulse waveforms that have only two amplitudes  HIGH and LOW or ON and OFF.
There are many application of digital electronics in addition to the natural function of counting pulses. Even audio and video information can be converted into digital form for transmitting long distances and then reconverted to pulses. The advantage of digital circuits is the excellent signal to noise ratio.Binary to Decimal Conversion The process of converting from binary to decimal just involves counting the place values for base 2. From right to left, they are 1,2,4,8,16, 32,64, 128. etc. all in power of 2.

Binary Logic Gates
Logic gates are circuits the output voltage of which can be predicted from the conditions at the input.

Electronics Address
The rules of binary additions are:
0 + 0 = 0
0 + 1 = 1
1 + 0 = 1
We cannot have 1 + 1 = 2 in binary system. It is 1 + 1 = 0  plus carry of 1 to the next position towards left. This addition with carry in can take place in any column except the 1's place.

Half Address
Electronics address are constructed from logic gates to add binary numbers. A half adder combines 0 and 1 with carry of 1 to the next place, if required, but it has no terminal for carry in.

The Full Address
A full address has the provision for carry in and carry out. A full adder if formed by using two half adders and an OR gate. The output of the OR gate forms the carry out output. The full adder is for binary additions in all places except the 1's place.

FLIP FLOP
The flip flop or FF is a basic digital circuit having memory characteristic that can be used to store information. The circuit is bistable multivibrator that stays in one state until switched to the opposite state. The two outputs Q and Q are always opposite as HIGH and LOW logic levels.
The main types of flip flops are the R_S, with set and reset input terminals, D, and J_K. Clock input pulses are often used in the toggle mode, in which the Q and Q outputs are reversed by each clock input puslse.

Digital Electronics Question and Answer
1. Binary 111111 represents Decimal 51
2. Binary 1000 when subtracted from binary 1111, the result will be 111
3. Decimal 0.875 is represented in binary system as .111
4. The bolean expression for AND gates is A.B = Y
5. Integrated circuit logic gates contain the properties are resistors, diodes bipolar junction transistor
6. The abbreviation DTL stands for diode transistor logic
7. The basic DTL configuration is NAND gate
8. The schottky TTL, a Schottky diode is used primarily to
9. A schottky diode has no minority carriers and very low voltage drop in forward direction
10. In a RS flip flop no change occurs during disabled mode
11. In a digital counter the number of flips is equal to the number of bits required in the final binary count.
12. A temporary memory is destroyed when power is switch off
13. PROM is programmable read only memory
14. A digital voltage has anlog input and digital output
15. LCD display represents liquid crystal display

Current Interrupter Tutorials

Current Interrupter Tutorials Facts, Definitions, Uses Etc.

Circuit Breaker
An electromagnetic device that opens a circuit automatically when current exceeds a predermined value. It is capable of interrupting large values of fault power MVA resulting from the faults on the power system. It consists of current carrying contacts called electrodes which, under predetermined conditions, separate to interrupt the circuit. An arc is struck between them when the contacts are separated. This arc is extinquished either by lengthening the arc, cooling the arc, or splitting the arc. Due to this, the arc resistance increases resulting in the system voltage becoming unable to maintain the arc and the arc gets extinguised.

HRC Fuse
High Rupturing Capacity cartridge fuse is a good interrupting device because it gives a fast fault clearing and exhibits property of cut-off. It is useful in low and medium voltage installation to provide overload and short-circuit protection. The fuse element is of copper alloyed with tin. Its characteristics vary with the type of material and the shape of fuse element. The rated current of the fuse is the current which it can carry continously without deterioration.

Switchgear
The name given to a family of devices covering a wide range of equipment concerned with switching and interrupting the currents during normal and abnormal conditions. The equipment associated with controlling, protecting, regulating and measuring also belong to the switchgear family. It includes switches, fuses, Circuit breaker, isolator, relays, Control panel, metering panels lighting arresters, Current transformer, Potential transformer, and other associated items. The circuit breakers are assited by other components of the protective scheme. A switch is used for opening and closing the circuit. Fuse is used for over-current protection. The purpose of switching and protection is served by the swithgear. A circuit breaker is the switching and interrupting device in a switchegear.

Reactors
The purpose, of reactors incorporated in circuit breakers is to limit the short-circuit current flowing to a safe value thus providing protection of instruments. The concist of large coils of high self-inductance and very low resistance. Main type of reactors are magnetically shielded reactor, and the shielded reactor.

Answer all Frequent Questions About Circuit Breaker
1. The function of protective relay in a circuit breaker is to close the contacts when the actuating quantity reaches a certain predetermined value.
2. Low voltage circuit breakers have rated voltages of less than 1000 volts.
3. When A high voltage Alternating current circuit breaker is tested for endurance, it is tested for at least 1000 opening closing operations.
4. For high voltage Alternating Current circuit breaker, the rated short circuit current is passed for 3 three second.
5. Vacuum is not a type of the contactor for circuit breaker.

Current Interrupter Tutorials

Network Theorem Kirchoff's Law Tutorials

Kirchoff's Law Facts and tutorials

Kirchoff's Current Law (KCL) 
In any electrical network. The algebraic sum of the currents meeting at a point or junction is zero. Here it is assumed that incoming current to be positive and outgoing current to be negative.

Kirchoff's Voltage Law (KVL)
The algebraic sum of the products of currents and resistance in each of the conductors in any closed path or mesh in a network plus the algebraic sum of the electromotive force in the path is zero.

Sign Conventions for Kirchoff's Law

• A rise in voltage shall be given a plus sign and fall in voltage drop shall be given a negative voltage sign.
• In a resistance if we traverse in the direction of current. It is a voltage drop. This is because the current flows from higher potential to lower potential. This is voltage drop. It is given to be a negative voltage sign.
• In a resistance if we go in the direction, opposite to direction of flow of current, we are going from lower potential to higher potential. Going from lower to higher potential means voltage rise and shall be given a positive voltage sign.
• In a battery if we go from negative voltage sign terminal of battery to positive voltage sign this is voltage rise. This shall be given a positive voltage sign.
• In a battery if we go from positive voltage sign terminal of a battery to negative voltage sign terminal, this is voltage drop. It should be given a negative voltage sign.

Method to solve circuits by kirchoff's Law

• Draw a large clear diagram of the network to be solved showing the values of all resistors and the polarity and values of all sources of electromotive force letter the nodes and number of meshes.
• Arbitrarily choose direction for the currents in each branches. There is no point in wasting time for trying to indicate the true current directions since, in the majority of the cases, it is quite impossible to tell.
• Place plus and minus signs on each resistors to indicate the direction of the potential difference across it. These potential differences must be constant with the directions of the assumed branch currents.
• Write an equation for each in the network, using Kirchoff's second law, traversing the meshes in the clock wise direction.
• Solve the resulting simultaneous equations.

Take note that, it should be noted that Kirchoff's law are applicable both direct current and alternating current. Voltage and current, However in the case of alternating current and voltages any electromotive force or self-inductance that existing across a capacitor should also be taken into account.

Free pdf file for network Theorem
The fundamental laws that govern electric circuits are the Ohm’s Law and the Kirchoff’s
Laws.

Electrical Circuit Network Theorems Definitions and Key Facts

Definition Terms of a Network Theorems and key facts

Active  network 
A Network containing one or more sources of electro motive force ( e.m.f) is known as an active network.

Branch 
A single path containing one simple element  which connects one node to any other node is know as branch.

Bilateral Circuit 
A circuit having identical properties in either direction is know as bilateral circuit. Transmission line is bilateral.

Circuit 
A circuit is a conducting part through which either an electric current flows or is intended to flow.

Linear Circuit 
A linear circuit is one whose parameters are constant.. do not change with voltage or current.

Non-Linear Circuit 
It is that circuit whose parameters change with voltage or current.

Node
A point at which two or more elements have a common connection is called a node.

Parameters
The various elements of an electric circuit are called its parameters like resistance, inductance and capacitance. These may be lumped or distributed.

Unilateral Circuit
It is that circuit whose properties changes with the direction of its operation. A vaccume tube rectifier is a unilateral circuit.

Key facts on Network Theorems

• Kirchhoff's law is applicable to ac ( alternation current) as well as DC ( direct current)  circuits.
• An ideal current source has zero internal conductance.
• A closed path made of several branches of the network is known a loop.
• An ideal voltage source is that which has zero internal resistance.
• A passive network has neither source of current nor source of e.m.f. ( electro motive force).
• The relationship between voltage and current is same for two opposite directions of current in case of bilateral network.
• A passive network has neither e.m.f ( electro motive force) source nor current source.
• Heater coil is not a non-linear element.
• Milman's theorem enables a number of voltage for current source to be combined directly into a single voltage or current source.
• The thevenin's theorem is applicable to a network of the alternating current and direct current circuit both.
•  For open circuited condition of thevenin's theorem, all sources of electromotive force in the network are replaced by their internal impedance.
• Reciprocity theorem is valid for passive network only.
• In compensation theorem a network containing generator can be replaced by its zero internal impedance.
• The most important feature of superposition theorem application is to find direct current level in a network that has both sources.
• Open circuit voltage is the p.d. between two points when the impedance between these points is infinity.
• Norton's theorem reduce a two terminal network to a constant current source and an impedance in parallel.
• The superposition theorem requires as many circuits to be solved as there are sources.
• For a maximum power transfer, according to maximum power transfer theorem, source impedance must be complex conjugate of load impedance.
• In case the delta connected circuit, when one resistor is open, power will be reduced by 1/3.
• The superposition theorem is applicable to linear responses only.